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Publikacje rok 2011
1. Pawlewicz, A. 2011. Prospects for the Development of Organic Farming in Poland. Environmentally friendly agriculture. In theory and practice. ed/ Katarzyna Brodzińska. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego, Olsztyn. s. 64-81 (ISBN: 978-83-7299-734-0)
Poland’s growing interest in the environmentally-friendly activities is favourable for the dissemination of the notion of “organic production”. This is a result of a number of negative phenomena, including a very significant issue of the increasing negative impact of agriculture on the natural environment, leading to the pollution of underground and surface waters (mainly with nitrogen and phosphorus compounds), as well as a decrease in biodiversity and unfavourable changes within the agricultural landscape. The additional factors include: a decrease in the consumers’ trust in the quality of foodstuffs produced using intensive methods (for example the BSE threat); contamination of foodstuffs with hazardous substances (for example dioxins) or genetically modified organisms (Stalenga, Kuś, 2007). In view of such challenges, the development of alternative systems of agricultural production, including the organic one (Komorowska, 2006) which constitutes a part of the concept of sustainable development, seems more and more appropriate. In the midst of the food safety crisis which has recently been recorded in certain European Union states, the organic farming, and hence organic food, becomes a very important source of food which is safe and free of hazardous and dangerous impurities and contaminants, that is food with guaranteed quality (Action Plan on Organic Food..., 2007).
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2. Brodzińska, K., Gotkiewicz, W., Pawlewicz, A. 2011. Problems of functioning of organic farms in Natura 2000 areas. Environmentally friendly agriculture. In theory and practice. ed/ Katarzyna Brodzińska. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego, Olsztyn. s. 85-95 (ISBN: 978-83-7299-734-0)
One of the basic tasks for the contemporary environmental protection is the maintenance of naturally valuable areas under the conditions of their economic utilisation. In order to fulfil this task, the Natura 2000 network was established in the European Union countries, which provides harmonious coexistence of humans and the nature.
The legal basis for the establishment of the Natura 2000 network refers to the notion of sustainable development and indicates the need to manage the natural resources in such a way as not to disturb the balance in the nature. Currently this notion seems to be the most rational concept of the development of civilisation. It stems from the conviction that, in the longer term, the current means for the environmental protection, consisting in the isolation of naturally valuable areas and introduction of active protection, fail to fulfil their role (Makomaska-Juchniewicz, Perzanowska, Tworek, 2003). The Natura 2000 network continues the international objectives of the environmental protection, initiated in 1971 with the adoption of the Ramsar Convention on wetlands, and the Bonn and Bern Conventions. Moreover, it fulfils the obligations imposed on the European Union by the Convention on Biological Diversity (Grelewska, 2005).
According to the legal provisions of the European Community, Natura 2000 is a coherent European ecological network whose aim is maintaining the natural habitats and species important to the Community. The types of natural habitats and the species subject to protection are listed in the relevant Annexes to the Habitats Directive and Birds Directive[1]. As a consequence, two types of areas were designated. The first type includes special areas of conservation (SAC), established on the basis of the Habitats Directive for conservation of natural habitat types and the plant and animals species’ habitats. The second type includes the special protection areas for birds (SPA), established on the basis of the Birds Directive for conservation of birds’ habitats. According to the provisions of the Habitats Directive, these areas are to be linked, as far as possible, using fragments of landscape managed in a way as to allow migration, expansion and genetic exchange between species (Pawlaczyk et al. 2004). The SAC and SPA areas are independent of each other – their boundaries can, to a large extent, overlap or even be identical. What is more, they can cover a part of, or entire, areas and structures subject to other forms of conservation provided by national legislation. In Poland these include: national parks, nature reserves, landscape parks, landscape protection areas, documentation sites, ecological land, and nature and landscape protected complexes (Kowalczyk et al., 2009).